Chapter 4 Applying Stakeholder Theory to the Management Functions
DOI: 10.23912/9781911396635-4085 | ISBN: 9781911396635 |
Published: January 2019 | Component type: chapter |
Published in: Event Stakeholders | Parent DOI: 10.23912/9781911396635-3840 |
Abstract
Figure 4.1 illustrates the major management functions to which stakeholder theory and management strategies can be applied. In fact, stakeholders can influence, and be influenced by, ALL aspects of planned events, so this is merely a starting point. Subsequent sub-sections with diagrams look more closely at each of these functional areas and how they influence planned events.
From the theoretical discussions presented so far in this book it should be clear that stakeholders are to be considered an integral part of event management and event tourism, not an isolated issue to be considered once in a while. This suggests that external stakeholder relations be a management function on its own, or tied to a position called something like ‘External Relations’. For internal stakeholders a different approach might be required, as each manager within the organization is going to have specific stakeholder issues to deal with on a continuous basis. Bringing these issues into one integrated approach will be the responsibility of the executive.
This chapter also brings other theoretical perspectives to bear on stakeholder management. For example, starting with organizing and planning, we identify five themes for special consideration, each being informed by other theories. Strategies and projects links with institutional theory (e.g., how to become a permanent institution) and project networks including the political market square. Accordingly, these discussions provide a launching point integrating many theoretical perspectives on management.
Sample content
Contributors
- Mathilda van Niekerk, University of Central Florida (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-6350
- Donald Getz, University of Calgary (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5562-8012
For the source title:
- Mathilda van Niekerk, University of Central Florida (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-6350
- Donald Getz, University of Calgary (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5562-8012
Cite as
Niekerk & Getz, 2019
Niekerk, M.v. & Getz, D. (2019) "Chapter 4 Applying Stakeholder Theory to the Management Functions" In: Niekerk, M.v. & Getz, D. (ed) . Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781911396635-4085
References
Allen, J. B. & Bartle, M. (2014). Sport event volunteers' engagement: management matters. Managing Leisure, 19(1), 36-50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.849502
Azzali, S. (2017). Mega-events and urban planning: Doha as a case study. Urban Design International, 22(1), 3-12.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-016-0011-y
Beard, C. & Russ, W. (2017). Event evaluation and design: Human experience mapping. Event Management, 21, 365–374.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14942648527563
Buch, T., Milne, S. & Dickson, G. (2011). Multiple stakeholder perspectives on cultural events: Auckland's Pasifika Festival. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(3-4), 311-328.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.562416
Chalkley, B. & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: a history of the Olympic Games. Planning perspectives, 14(4), 369-394.
https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184
Coetser, J. (2002). The South African War: Occasion and event in Afrikaans theatre. Retrieved from http://www.childlit.org.za/KonfBoerCoetser.html
Collins, A., Jones, C. & Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options? Tourism Management, 30(6), 828-837.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.006
Curtis, J., Hynes, S., O'Reilly, P. & Breen, B. (2017). Recreational angling tournaments: Participants' expenditures. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 21 (3), 201–221.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2017.1322998
Cuskelly, G., Auld, C., Harrington, M. & Coleman, D. (2004). Predicting the behavioral dependability of sport event volunteers. Event Management, 9(1-2), 73-89.
https://doi.org/10.3727/1525995042781011
Elbe, J., Axelsson, B. & Hallen, L. (2007). Mobilizing marginal resources for public events. Event Management, 10 (4), 175-183.
Farrell, J. M., Johnston, M. E. & Twynam, G. D. (1998). Volunteer motivation, satisfaction, and management at an elite sporting competition. Journal of Sport Management, 12(4), 288-300.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.4.288
Fenich, G. G. (2013). Meetings, Expositions, Events & Conventions: Pearson New International Edition: An Introduction to the Industry. Pearson Higher Ed.
Getz, D. (2002). Why festivals fail. Event management, 7(4), 209-219.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751604
Getz, D. (2013). Event tourism: concepts, international case studies, and research. Cognizant Communication Corporation.
Getz, D. (2018). Event Evaluation: Theory and Methods for Event Management and Tourism. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
Getz, D. (2018). Event Impact Assessment: Theory and Methods for Event Management and Tourism. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
Getz, D., & Andersson, T. D. (2008). Sustainable festivals: On becoming an institution. Event Management, 12(1), 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599509787992625
Getz, D., & Andersson, T. (2010). The event-tourist career trajectory: A study of high-involvement amateur distance runners. Scandinavian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 19 (4), 468-491.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2010.524981
Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2014). Comparing runners and mountain bikers on involvement and event-travel careers. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 15 (1), 69-100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2013.834807
Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2011). Serious sport tourism and event travel careers. Journal of Sport Management, 25 (4), 326-338.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.4.326
Getz, D. and Page, S. (2016) Event Studies, Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events, 3rd ed. London: Routledge
Gotham, K. F. (2015). Beyond bread and circuses: Mega-events as forces of creative destruction. In Mega-Events and Globalization (pp. 43-59). Routledge.
Grimble, R. & Wellard, K. (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2), 173-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00006-1
Guizzardi, A., Mariani, M. & Prayag, G. (2017). Environmental impacts and certification: evidence from the Milan World Expo 2015. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(3), 1052-1071.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0491
Hall, C. M. & Hodges, J. (1996). The party's great, but what about the hangover?: The housing and social impacts of mega-events with special reference to the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4(1-1), 13-20.
https://doi.org/10.3727/106527096792232414
Hard, R. (2018). What do destination management companies (DMCs) do? Retrieved from www.thebalancesmb.com/what-do-destination-management-companies-dmcs-do-1223653
Hauptfleisch, T. 2006. Identity: Festivals in South Africa and the search for cultural identity. New Theatre Quarterly, 22, 181–198.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266464X0600039X
IBM Center for the Business of Government. (2018). Inter-organizational Networks: A review of the literature to inform practice. Washington DC: Washington
Jackson, L. A. (2008). Residents' perceptions of the impacts of special event tourism. Journal of Place Management and Development, 1(3), 240-255.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330810911244
Karlsen, S., & Stenbacka Nordström, C. (2009). Festivals in the Barents Region: Exploring Festivalâ€stakeholder Cooperation. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2-3), 130-145.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250903157447
Kassens-Noor, E. (2016). From ephemeral planning to permanent urbanism: An urban planning theory of mega-events. Urban Planning, 1(1), 41-54.
https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i1.532
Kim, E., & Cuskelly, G. (2017). A systematic quantitative review of volunteer management in events. Event Management, 21(1), 83-100.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14809630271195
Larson, M. (1997). Evenemangsmarknadsföring—organisering, styrning och samverkan vid marknadsföringen av VM i friidrott 1995. Östersund: Tryckeribolaget Östersund AB.
Larson M. (2000). Interaction in the political market square: Organising marketing of events. In R. A. Lundin & F. Hartman (Eds.), Projects as Business Constituents and Guiding Motives. pp. 167–180. Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4505-7_13
Larson, M. (2009). Festival innovation: Complex and dynamic network interaction. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2-3), 288-307.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250903175506
Larson, M. & Wikström, E. (2001). Organizing events: Managing conflict and consensus in a political market square. Event Management, 7(1), 51-65.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599501108751470
Leopkey, B. & Parent, M. M. (2009). Risk management issues in large-scale sporting events: A stakeholder perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(2), 187-208.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802571443
Liu, D. (2016). Social impact of major sports events perceived by host community. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(1), 78-91.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-02-2016-005
Mackellar, J. (2006). An integrated view of innovation emerging from a regional festival. International Journal of Event Management Research, 2 (1), 37-48.
Mossberg, L., & Getz, D. (2006). Stakeholder influences on the ownership and management of festival brands. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6(4), 308-326.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250601003273
Pauline, G. (2011). Volunteer satisfaction and intent to remain: An analysis of contributing factors among professional golf event volunteers. International Journal of Event Management Research, 16(1) 10-32.
Pfeffer J. & Salancik G. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A resource dependence pwerspective. Harper Row
Prebensen, N. (2010). Value creation through stakeholder participation: a case study of an event In The High North. Event Management, 14 (1), 37-52.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599510X12724735767552
Presbury, R., & Edwards, D. C. (2005). Incorporating sustainability in meetings and event management education. International Journal of Event Management Research, 1(1), 30-45.
Robertson, M. & Rogers, P. (2009). Festivals, cooperative stakeholders and the role of the media: A case analysis of newspaper media. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2-3), 206-224.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250903217019
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, 5th edition, Free Press.
Savage, G., Nix, T., Whitehead, C. & Blair, J. (1991). Strategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders. Academy of Management Executive, 5 (2), 61-75.
https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1991.4274682
Schein, E. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schlenker, K., Edwards, D. C. & Sheridan, L. (2005). A flexible framework for evaluating the socio-cultural impacts of a small festival. International Journal of Event Management Research, 1(1), 66-77.
Scott, W. R. (2004). Institutional theory, in G. Ritzer, ed. Encyclopedia of Social Theory, P408-14 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scudder, S.F. (1980). Communication Theory as a Universal Law.
Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B. (Eds.). (2001). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 11). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Solomon, M. R. & Buchanan, B. (1991), A role theoretic approach to product symbolism-mapping a consumption constellation, Journal of Business Research, 22, 95-109.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(91)90044-X
Spiropoulos, S., Gargalianos, D. & Sotiriadou, K. (2005). The 20th Greek festival of Sydney: a stakeholder analysis. Event Management, 9(4), 169-183.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599506776771535
Tkaczynski, A. (2013). A stakeholder approach to attendee segmentation: A case study of an Australian Christian music festival. Event Management, 17 (3), 283-298.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599513X13708863377999
Van Niekerk, M., & Coetzee, W. J. L. (2011). Utilizing the VICE model for the sustainable development of the Innibos Arts Festival. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20 (3-4), 347-365.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.562422
Wang, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2011). Tourism Destination Marketing and Management: Collaborative Stratagies. CABI.