Chapter 12 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development
DOI: 10.23912/9781911396857-3950 | ISBN: 9781911396857 |
Published: October 2018 | Component type: chapter |
Published in: Principles of Sustainable Project Management | Parent DOI: 10.23912/9781911396857-3884 |
Abstract
This chapter aims to introduce the reader in general, and project managers in particular, to the basic concepts and applications of renewable energy (RE) with emphasis on the various renewable energy technologies (RTEs), emerging as an alternative to traditional energy sources, in an applied, practical and project-focused context. The chapter builds on academic research-based cases studies conducted by the authors.
The first case relates to a real-life project which will be the first advanced biofuels refinery to be built in the Middle Eastb with an estimated cost of $700m and commercial operation date in 2022. The financial close date is scheduled for the end of Q4, 2018, and it is expected to have a lower cost of production compared to European and US refineries.
The second case study concerns the feasibility study to build a waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plant in Dubai. It provides project managers with useful insight into the details of this vital initiation stage for this type of project, based on a real-life data set, in an applied research context. The details of both cases can be found on: https://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/sustprojman.
The first few sections of the chapter set up the scene for the case studies by presenting brief definitions of the basic concepts of RE and various RETs in the context of sustainable development. Then at the start of each case study, a brief introduction to the specifics of the case is presented.
Sample content
Contributors
- Mohamed Salama, Herriot Watt University (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5212-082X
- Mutasim Nour, Herriot Watt University (Author)
- Adel Haloub, Florexx (Author)
- Yara Al Jundi (Author)
For the source title:
- Mohamed Salama, Herriot Watt University (Editor) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5212-082X
Cite as
Salama, Nour, Haloub & Jundi, 2018
Salama, M., Nour, M., Haloub, A. & Jundi, Y.A. (2018) "Chapter 12 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development" In: Salama, M. (ed) . Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781911396857-3950
References
Abu Hejleh, B., Mousa, M., Al-Dwairi, Al-Kumoos, M. & Al-Tarazi, S. (1998). Feasibility study of a Municipality Solid Waste Incineration Plant in Jordan. Energy Conservation Management, 39(11), 1155-1159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00010-7
Ahmed, K., (1994). Renewable energy technologies: a review of the status and costs of selected technologies. World Bank Technical Paper No. 240, Washington, DC, World Bank
https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2744-5
Alawaji, SH. (2001) Evaluation of solar energy research and its application in Saudi Arabia – 20 years of experience, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 5(1), 59-77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(00)00006-X
Al Masah (2010), Unlocking the Potential of Alternative Energy in MENA, Al Masah Capital Limited, Dubai.
Al-Mulali, U. (2015). The impact of biofuel energy consumption on GDP growth, CO2 emission, agricultural crop prices, and agricultural production. International Journal of Green Energy, 12, 1100–1106.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2014.892878
Alnaser, W.E. & Alnaser, N.W. (2009), Solar and wind energy potential in GCC countries and some related projects, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 1(2), 1-28
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3076058
Alnaser, W.E. and Alnaser, N.W. (2011), The status of renewable energy in the GCC countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 15, 3074-98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.03.021
Al-Nassar, W., Alhajraf, S., Al-Enizi, A. and Al-Awadhi, L. (2005), Potential wind power generation in the State of Kuwait, Renewable Energy, 30(14), 2149-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.01.002
Al-Soud, M.S. and Hrayshat, E.S. (2009) A 50 MW concentrating solar power plant for Jordan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(6), 625–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.11.002
Antolin, G., Tinaut, F.V., Briceno, Y., Castano, V., Perez, C., and Ramirez, A.L. (2002). Optimization of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresources Technology 83(2), 111–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00200-0
Arab Forum for Environment and Development (2013): Arab Environment 6: sustainable energy, 2013 Report. Available at: http://www.afedonline.org/report2013/english.html [Accessed 18 July 2018]
Bajpai, D. and V.K. Tyagi. (2006). Biodiesel: Source, production, composition, properties and its benefits. Journal of Oleo Science, 55, 487–502.
https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.55.487
Bee'ah. (2014). Waste to Energy as an Alternative to Landfilling. Dubai: 4th Waste Management Conference, Dubai.
Beylot, A. and Villeneuve, J. (2013). Environmental impacts of residual municipal solid waste inineration.Waste Management, 33(12), 2781-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.003
Bonam, R. and Thompson, S. (2008). Sustainable Best Practices and Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Canada's Landfills: Results from the National Survey. Swana Presentation, University of Manitoba, Edmonton.
Brennan, L. and P. Owende. (2010). Biofuels from microalgae-A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of Biofuels and co-products. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 557–577.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
Carriquiry, M.A., Du, X., and G.R. Timilsina. (2011). Second generation Biofuels: Economics and policies. Energy Policy, 39, 4222–4234.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.036
Casey. T (2013). Clean Technica: Algae Biofuel Could Make UAE Deserts Bloom. Available at: https://cleantechnica.com/2013/03/09/algae-biofuel-could-make-uae-deserts-bloom/ [Accessed on 20 July 2018]
Chisti, Y. (2006). Microalgae as sustainable cell factories. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 5, 261–274.
https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2006.018
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294–306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
Demirbas, A. (2010). Biodiesel for future transportation energy needs. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 32(16), 1490–1500.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030903078335
Doukas, H., Patlitzianas, K.D., Kagiannas, A.G. and Psarras, J. (2008), Energy policy making: an old concept or a modern challenge?, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy Journal, 3(4), 362-71
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567240701232378
Dragone, G., Fernandes, B., Vicente, A.A., and J.A. Teixeira. 2010. Third generation Biofuels from microalgae. Appled Microbiology, 2, 1355–1366.
Dubai Municipality (2013). 4th Waste Management Forum - Dubai. Dubai.
Dubai Municipality. (2014). Waste Processing Premises in the Emirate of Dubai. Dubai.
EcoProg. (2013). Waste to Energy, The World Market for Waste Incineration Plants. Cologne.
EIA (2017). Country Analysis Brief: United Arab Emirates. US Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.iberglobal.com/files/2017/emiratos_eia.pdf [Accessed on 25 July 2018]
EPA (2015) Energy and Environment Guide to Action, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/guide_action_full.pdf [Accessed on July 24, 2018].
European Commision, (2006). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Reference document on the Best available techniques for Waste Incineration.
Farrell, A.E., Plevin, R.J., Turner, B.T., Jones, A.D., O'Hare, M. & D.M. Kammen. (2006). Ethanolcan contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science, 311, 506–508.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121416
Ferroukhi, R., Ghazal-Aswad, N., Androulaki, S., Hawila, D. and Mezher, T. (2013) Renewable energy in the GCC: status and challenges. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 7(1), 84–112.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17506221311316498
Flamos, A. (2010), The clean development mechanism – catalyst for wide spread deployment of renewable energy technologies? Or misnomer? International Journal, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(1), 89-102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-008-9182-z
Florexx International Investment (2018). About us. www.florexx.com [Accessed 18 June 2018]
Huang, G.H., Chen, F., Wei, D., Zhang, X.W. and G. Chen. (2010). Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology. Applied Energy, 87, 38–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.016
Huang, J., Yang, J., Msangi, S., Rozelle, S. and A. Weersink. (2012). Biofuels and the poor: Global impact pathways of biofuels on agricultural markets. Food Policy, 37, 439–451.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.04.004
Hyka, P., Lickova, S., Ribyl, P., Melzoch, K. and K. Kovar. (2013). Flow cytometry for the development of biotechnological processes with microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 31, 2–16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.007
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017). Key world energy statistics 2017: Available at: www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2017.pdf [Accessed 11 June 2018].
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2017). Renewable energy employs 9.8 million people worldwide. Available at: http://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2017/May/Renewable-Energy-Employs-98-million-People-Worldwide-New-IRENA-Report-Finds [Accessed on 10 June 2018]
Kamuk, B. (2013). ISWA Guidelines: Waste to Energy in Low and Middle Income Countries. International Solid Waste Association.
Kazim, A. (2003) Hydrogen energy: the key to a sustainable development of EU and GCC countries. In: Proceedings of energy technologies for post-Kyoto targets in the medium term. Denmark: Riso National Laboratory; May 19–21, p. 255–266.
Kazim, A. (2005) Potential of wave energy in the United Arab Emirates: a case study of Dubai's coasts. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 1(2),187–92
Kazim, A. (2010) Strategy for sustainable development in the UAE through hydrogen energy. Renewable Energy, 35, 2257–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.03.013
Kinninmont, J. (2010), The GCC in 2020: Resources for the Future, The Economist Intelligence Unit, London, p. 7.
Kristaliana Georgieva, K. V. (1999). World Bank Technical Guidance Report: Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Kumar, S.K. (2013). Performance and emission analysis of diesel engine using fish oil and biodiesel blends with isobutanol as an additive. American Journal of Engineering Research, 2, 322–329.
Li, Y. and J.G. Qin. (2005). Comparison of growth and lipid content in three Botryococcus braunii strains. Journal of Applied Phycology, 17, 551–556.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-005-9005-7
Loukil, F. and Rouached, L. (2012). Modeling packaging waste policy instruments and recylcing in the MENA region. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 69, 141-152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.012
Masdar institute and International renewable energy agency (IRENA) (2015). Renewable Energy Prospects: United Arab Emirates: REmap 2030 analysis. Available at http://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2015/IRENA_REmap_UAE_report_2015.pdf [Accessed on 25 July 2018]
Mata, T.M., Martins, A.A., and N.S. Caetano. (2010). Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 217–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020
McKendry, P., (2002). Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 37-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00118-3
Mezher, T., Goldsmith, D. and Choucri, N. (2011) Renewable energy in Abu Dhabi: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Energy Engineering, 137, 169–76.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000042
Milledge, J.J., Smith, B., Dyer, P.W., and P. Harvey. (2014). Microalgae-derived Biofuel: A review of methods of energy extraction from seaweed biomass. Energies, 7, 7194–7222.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en7117194
Moller, F., Slento, E., and P. Frederiksen. (2014). Integrated well to wheel assessment of biofuels combining energy and emission LCA and welfare economic cost benefit analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy, 60, 41–49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.11.001
Muffler, P. and Cataldi, R. (1978). Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources. Geothermics, 7, 53-89
https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0
Neukirch, M. (2014). State of Energy Report Dubai 2014. Dubai: Supreme Council of Energy.
Patlitzianas, K.D., Doukas, H. and Psarras, J. (2006), Enhancing renewable energy in the Arab States of the Gulf: constraints & efforts, Energy Policy, 34(18), 3719-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.08.018
Powell, E.E. and Hill, G.A. (2009). Economic assessment of an integrated bioethanol-biodiesel-microbial fuel cell facility utilizing yeast and photosynthetic algae. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 87, 1340–1348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.018
Prakasham, R.S., Nagaiah, D., Vinutha, K.S., Uma,A., Chiranjeevi, T., Umakanth,A.V., Rao, P.S. and Yan, N. (2014). Sorghum biomass: A novel renewable carbon source for industrial bioproducts. Biofuels, 5, 159–174.
https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.13.74
Psomopoulosa, C.S., Bourka, A. and Themelis, N.J. (2011). Waste to Energy: A review of the status and benefits in USA. Waste Management, 29(5), 1718-1724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.020
Qin, J. (2005). Biohydrocarbons from algae-Impacts of temperature, light and salinity on algae growth. A report for Rural Industries Research and Development, Barton, Australia.
Qin, J.G. and Y. Li. (2006). Optimization of the growth environment of Botryococcus braunii Strain CHN 357. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 21, 169–176
https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2006.9664110
Rao, A.R., Sarada, R., Baskaran, V., and G.A. Ravishankar. (2006). Antioxidant activity of Botryococcus braunii extract elucidated in vitro models. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 54, 4593–4599.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060799j
Saifaie, E. A. (2012). Environmental Center for Arab Towns. Available at http://www.en.envirocitismag.com
Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., Stephens, E., Marx, U.C., Mussgnug, J.H. & Posten, C. (2008). Second generation Biofuels: High efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenergy Research, 1, 20–43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9008-8
Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R.A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D. and Yu, T.H. (2008). Use of US croplands for Biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science 319, 1238–1240.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151861
Udomsri, S., Martin, A. R. and Fransson(2010). Economic Assessment and energy model scenarios of municipal solid waste incineration and gas turbine hubrid dual-fueled cycles in Thailand. Waste Management, 30(7),1414-1422
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.009
Tekin, J. (2011). Down and Dirty: Generating Profit from Landfill Waste. Renewable Energy World,
USEPA. (2014). US Environment Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/
Wargacki, A.J., Leonard, E., Win, M.N., Regitsky, D.D., Santos, C.N., Kim, P.B., Cooper, S.R., Raisner, R.M., Herman, A., Sivitz, A.B., Lakshmanaswamy, A., Kashiyama, Y., Baker, D. and
Yoshikuni, Y. (2012). An engineered microbial platform for direct biofuel production from brown macroalgae. Science, 335, 308–313
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214547
World Bank (2008) Annual report 2008: Year in review. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTANNREP2K8/Resources/YR00_Year_in_Review_English.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2018]
World Resources Institute (2009), Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
Yang N., Zhang, H., Chen, M., Shao, L.M. and He, P.J.(2012). Greenhouse gas emissions from MSW Incineration in China: Impacts of waste characteristics and energy recovery. Waste Management, 32(12), 2552-2560
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.06.008
Zhang, N., Lior, N. and H. Jin. (2011). The energy situation and its sustainable development strategy in China. Energy, 36, 3639–3649.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.035
Zunft, J. F. (2009). Energy from Waste. Zukunftsmärkte Europa.