Chapter 5 Events Employment Crises’ Impacts and Resolutions (Richard N S Robinson and Yawei Jiang)
DOI: 10.23912/9781911635901-4816 | ISBN: 9781911635901 |
Published: April 2021 | Component type: chapter |
Published in: Crisis Management and Recovery for Events: Impacts and Strategies | Parent DOI: 10.23912/9781911635901-4692 |
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to consider employment in relation to the broader events industry and crisis. In doing so this contribution homes in on two substantial research gaps in the literature. The first, related to the intrinsic interdependency between the events industry and the tourism and hospitality industries (Getz & Page, 2016), is that there is a well-documented academic and policy-maker ambivalence towards workforce issues in the broader tourism, hospitality, and event industries relative to other topics in these domains (Baum et al., 2016; Liu, 2018; Muskat & Mair, 2020). The second gap is that although there is a rich literature related to tourism and events recovery from, and resilience to, crisis and disasters, their impacts on workforce, and the role they play in recovery is ill-understood (Ritchie & Jiang, 2019). There is, however, also an interdependency between many of the entertainment, cultural and sporting industries and events (Getz, 1997). Almost without exception the global tourism (hospitality and events) and entertainment (cultural and arts) have been the hardest hit economically by the COVID-19 pandemic (Sigala, 2020). A focal point of this chapter, therefore, will be the consideration of not only direct event employment effects vis-a-vis crises but also the ripple effects on other workforces dependent on the ‘soft infrastructure’ that the event industry generates.
Sample content
Contributors
- Richard N.S. Robinson, University of Queensland (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-3812
- Yawei Jiang, University of Queensland (Author) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-3732
For the source title:
- Vassilios Ziakas (Editor) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1501-7863
- Vladimir Antchak, University of Derby (Editor) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1395-4391
- Donald Getz, University of Calgary (Editor) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5562-8012
Cite as
Robinson & Jiang, 2021
Robinson, R.N. & Jiang, Y. (2021) "Chapter 5 Events Employment Crises’ Impacts and Resolutions (Richard N S Robinson and Yawei Jiang)" In: Ziakas, V., Antchak, V. & Getz, D. (ed) . Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781911635901-4816
References
Abson, E. (2017). How event managers lead: Applying competency school theory to event management. Event Management, 21(4), 403-419.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14998876105747
Agrawal, S., De Smet, A., Lacroix, S., & Reich, A. (2020). To emerge stronger from the COVID-19 crisis, companies should start reskilling their workforces now. McKinsey & Company.
Anderson, B. A. (2006). Crisis management in the Australian tourism industry: Preparedness, personnel and postscript. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1290-1297.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.007
Baum, T., & Lockstone, L. (2007). Volunteers and mega sporting events: developing a research framework. International Journal of Event Management Research, 3(1), 29-41.
Baum, T., Deery, M., & Hanlon, C. (Eds.). (2009). People and Work in Events and Conventions: A research perspective. CABI.
https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845934767.0000
Baum, T., Kralj, A., Robinson, R. N. S., & Solnet, D. J. (2016). Tourism workforce research: A review, taxonomy and agenda. Annals of Tourism Research, 60, 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.04.003
Baum, T., Mooney, S. K. K., Robinson, R. N. S., & Solnet, D. (2020). COVID-19's impact on the hospitality workforce - new crisis or amplification of the norm? International Journal of Contemporary Ho spitality Management, 32(9), 2813-2829.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0314
Blackman, D., Benson, A. M., & Dickson, T. J. (2017). Enabling event volunteer legacies: A knowledge management perspective. Event Management, 21(3), 233-250.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14942648527473
Boyle, P., & Haggerty, K. D. (2012). Planning for the worst: Risk, uncertainty and the Olympic Games. British Journal of Sociology, 63(2), 241-259.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01408.x
Choi, K. (2020). What will happen to the events industry after coronavirus? https://www.plugandplaytechcenter.com/resources/what-will-happen-events-industry-after-coronavirus/(Accessed 5 Nov 2020).
Clark, H., Dimanche, F., Cotter, R., & Lee-Rosen, D. (2017). Human capital challenges in the events industry of Canada: finding innovative solutions. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 9(4), 424-432.
https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-04-2017-0018
Deshpandé, R., & Raina, A. (2011). The ordinary heroes of the Taj. Harvard Business Review, 89(12), 119-123.
Fang, S., Prayag, G., Ozanne, L.K., & de Vries, H. (2020). Psychological capital, coping mechanisms and organizational resilience: Insights from the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100637.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100637
Feddersen, A., & Maennig, W. (2013). Megaâ€events and sectoral employment: The case of the 1996 Olympic Games. Contemporary Economic Policy, 31(3), 580-603.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2012.00327.x
Getz, D. (1997). Event Management & Event Tourism. Cognizant Communication Corp.
Getz, D., & Page, S. J. (2016). Event Studies: Theory, research, and policy for planned events. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315708027
Getz, D., & Robinson, R. N. (2014). Foodies and food events. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 14(3), 315-330.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2014.946227
Giulianotti, R., & Klauser, F. (2010). Security governance and sport mega-events: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(1), 48-60.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723509354042
Hanlon, C. & Cuskelly, G. (2002). Pulsating major sport event organizations: a framework for inducting managerial personnel. Event Management, 7, 231-43.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751622
Heath, R. L. (1998). Crisis Management for Managers and Executives: Business crises, the definitive handbook to reduction, readiness, response, and recovery. Financial Times/Pitman Pub.
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020a). The 'war over tourism': challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1803334
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1803334
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020b). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610-623.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748
Hoye, R., Cuskelly, G., Auld, C., Kappelides, P., & Misener, K. (2020). Sport Volunteering. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429292323
Hsieh, Y., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. (2013). World at work: Hotel cleaners. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 70(5), 360-364.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-100986
Jago, L., Dwyer, L., Lipman, G., van Lill, D., & Vorster, S. (2010). Optimising the potential of megaâ€events: an overview. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(3), 220-237.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17852951011078023
Kim, E., & Cuskelly, G. (2017). A systematic quantitative review of volunteer management in events. Event Management, 21(1), 83-100.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14809630271195
Kim, E., Fredline, L., & Cuskelly, G. (2018). Heterogeneity of sport event volunteer motivations: A segmentation approach. Tourism Management, 68, 375-386.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.04.004
Lee, S., & Goldblatt, J. (2001), An exploratory study of the potential impacts from changes in the US economy in the event management industry, unpublished thesis, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Lee, S., & Goldblatt, J. (2012). The current and future impacts of the 2007â€2009 economic recession on the festival and event industry. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3(2), 137-148.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-01-2016-0001
Levinson, B. (2020). New survey reveals impact of COVID-19 on events industry. Spicenews. https://www.spicenews.com.au/industry-news/new-report-reveals-impact-of-covid-19-on-events-industry/(Accessed 5 Nov 2020).
Liu, C. H. S. (2018). Examining social capital, organizational learning and knowledge transfer in cultural and creative industries of practice. Tourism Management, 64, 258-270.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.001
Ludvigsen, J.A.L, & Hayton, J.W. (2020). Toward COVID-19 secure events: considerations for organizing the safe resumption of major sporting events. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1782252
Maguire, K., & Hanrahan, J. (2017). Assessing the economic impact of event management in Ireland: A local authority planning perspective. Event Management, 21(3), 333-346.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14942648527545
Mair, J. (2009). The events industry: The employment context. In T. Baum, M. Deery, C. Hanlon, L. Lockstone, & K. Smith (Eds.), People and Work in Events and Conventions: A research perspective. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
McCabe, V. S. (2012). Developing and sustaining a quality workforce: lessons from the convention and exhibition industry. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 13(2), 121-134.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2012.673247
Michopoulou, E, Azara, I, & Russell, A. (2020). Investigating the triangular relationship between temporary event workforce, event employment businesses and event organisers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(3), 1247-1273.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2018-0925
Michopoulou, E. E., & Melpignano, C. (2019). Challenges in managing peripheral workers within diverse environments. Event Management, 23(4), 527-539.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259855751
Mills, B. M., & Rosentraub, M. S. (2013). Hosting mega-events: A guide to the evaluation of development effects in integrated metropolitan regions. Tourism Management, 34, 238-246.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.011
Muskat, B., & Mair, J. (2020). Knowledge sharing and power in the event workforce. Event Management, 24(5), 597-609.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259856228
Muskat, B., & Mair, J. (2021). Managing the event workforce: Analysing the heterogeneity of job experiences. In V.V. Cuffy, F.E. Bakas & W.J.L. Coetzee (Eds.), Events Tourism: Critical Insights and Contemporary Perspectives. London: Routledge, (Chapter 3)
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429344268-5
Nyaupane, G. P., Prayag, G., Godwyll, J., & White, D. (2020). Toward a resilient organization: analysis of employee skills and organization adaptive traits. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1858089
Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure,1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100
Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis, and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102812.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812
Robinson, R. N. S., & Brenner, M. L. (2020). Wage theft in professional kitchens: Conned or complicit? Hospitality & Society, 10(4).
Robinson, R. N. S., Barron, P., & Solnet, D. (2008). Innovative approaches to event management education in career development: A study of student experiences. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 7(1), 4.
https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.71.170
Robinson, R.N., & Getz D. (2016). Food enthusiasts and tourism: Exploring food involvement dimensions. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(4), 432-455.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013503994
Robinson, R. N. S., Getz, D., & Dolnicar, S. (2018). Food tourism subsegments: A dataâ€driven analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(3), 367-377.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2188
Robinson, R. N. S., Martins, A., Solnet, D., & Baum, T. (2019). Sustaining precarity: critically examining tourism and employment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1008-1025.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1538230
Santos, J. R., Herrera, L., Yu, K. D., Pagsuyoin, S. A. , & Tan, R.R. (2014). State of the art in risk analysis of workforce criticality influencing disaster preparedness for interdependent systems. Risk Analysis, 34(6), 1056-1068.
https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12183
Santos, J., Yip, C., Thekdi, S., & Pagsuyoin, S. (2020). Workforce/population, Economy, Infrastructure, Geography, Hierarchy, and Time (WEIGHT): Reflections on the plural dimensions of disaster resilience. Risk Analysis, 40(1), 43-67.
https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13186
Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
Solnet, D., Nickson, D., Robinson, R. N. S., Kralj, A., & Baum, T. (2014). Discourse about workforce development in tourism-An analysis of public policy, planning, and implementation in Australia and Scotland: Hot air or making a difference? Tourism Analysis, 19(5), 609-623.
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354214X14116690097936
Sönmez, S., Apostolopoulos, Y., Lemke, M. K., & Hsieh, Y.-C. (2020). Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the health and safety of immigrant hospitality workers in the United States. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100717
Stadler, R., Fullagar, S., & Reid, S. (2014). The professionalization of festival organizations: A relational approach to knowledge management. Event Management, 18(1), 39-52.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599514X13883555341841
Van der Wagen, L. (2007). Human Resource Management for Events: Managing the event workforce. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6998-6.50009-3
Van der Wagen, L. & White, L. (2015), Human Resource Management for the Event Industry, 2nd ed., Oxford: Taylor and Francis.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315851969
WTTC. (2020). To recovery & beyond: The future of travel and tourism in the wake of COVID-19. https://wttc.org/Research/To-Recovery-Beyond (Accessed 12 January, 2021).