Chapter 3 Managing Event Stakeholders Expect the unexpected
DOI: 10.23912/9781915097101-5228 | ISBN: 9781915097101 |
Published: May 2022 | Component type: chapter |
Published in: Events Mismanagement | Parent DOI: 10.23912/9781915097101-4980 |
Abstract
The expectations of, and placed upon, event managers are often complex and frequently implicit. However, there is currently no overall template for determin- ing professionalism within the sector, even though there are many examples of best practice in specific areas of work. Events of any form do not happen in isolation. Events, and event professionals, are mutually dependent upon clients, suppliers, venues, attendees, sponsors, and colleagues. Such relationships involve implicit expectations, relating to: communication, behaviour, decision-making, and collaboration. These are informed by a range of factors, such as: previous experiences, individual and organizational reputations, project constraints (e.g., time, cost and quality), and evolving circumstances. The last of these indicates that expectations are not static and can change in response to developments in the client/supplier relationship, or because of any other environmental factor. These issues can lead to misaligned expectations of the event manager’s role or performance, and present challenges to managers of all types of events, regardless of scale or scope. If we can minimise either this misalignment, or the expectations themselves, then events will run more effectively, will be more likely to achieve their objectives, will make best use of the resources available, and will enable positive collaboration between stakeholders. Understanding and manag- ing misaligned expectations is a key step in overcoming event failures, given the importance and complexity of stakeholders.
Sample content
Contributors
- Claire Drakeley, University of Northampton (author)
For the source title:
- Tim Brown, University of Chester (editor) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8654-8952
- Phil Higson, Chester Business School (editor)
- Lindsey Gaston, Liverpool John Moores University (editor) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5706-1635
Cite as
Drakeley, 2022
Drakeley, C. (2022) "Chapter 3 Managing Event Stakeholders Expect the unexpected" In: Brown, T., Higson, P. & Gaston, L. (ed) . Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781915097101-5228
References
Andersson, T. & Getz, D. (2008) Stakeholder management strategies of festivals, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 9 (3), 199-220.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15470140802323801
Bitner, MJ. (1990) Evaluating service encounters - the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses, Journal of Marketing, 54 (2), 69-82.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299005400206
Bolton, R. & Drew, J. (1991) A longitudinal analysis of the impact of service changes on customer attitudes, Journal of Marketing, 55 (1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299105500101
Boulding, W., Kalra, A., Staelin, R., & Zeithaml, V.A. (1993) A dynamic process model of service quality - from expectations to behavioural intentions, Journal of Marketing Research, 30 (1), 7-27.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379303000102
Bowdin, G., Allen, J., O'Toole, W., Harris, R. & McDonnell, I. (2011) Events Management, 3rd edn, Oxford: Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080964317
Buttle, F. (2009) Customer Relationship Management, London: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080949611
Chiang, L., Xu, A., Kim, J., Tang, L. & Manthiou, A. (2017) Investigating festivals and events as social gatherings: the application of social identity theory, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34 (6), 779-792.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1233927
Christopher, M., Payne, A. & Ballantyne, D. (1991) Relationship Marketing: Bringing quality customer service and marketing together. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
Delbosc, A.R. (2008) Social identity as a motivator in cultural festivals, Visitor Studies, 11 (1), 3-15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10645570801938368
Freeman, L. (2004) The development of social network analysis, A Study in the Sociology of Science, 1 (687), 159-167.
Getz, D. and Page, S. (2019) Event Studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events, London: Routledge. Gupta, S., Hanssens, D. Hardie, B., Kahn, W., Kumar, V., Lin, N., Ravishanker, N. &
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429023002
Sririam, S. (2006) Modelling customer lifetime value, Journal of Service Research, 9 (2), 139-155.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670506293810
Hearn, C. (2007) The dark art of production, Creative Events Management Programme Launch Presentation: Falmouth University
Ho, A., Sharma, P. & Hosie, P. (2015) Exploring customers' zone of tolerance for B2B professional service quality, Journal of Services Marketing, 29 (5), 380-392.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-06-2014-0212
Horth, D., Miller, L. & Mount, P. (2018) Leadership Brand, Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
Huang, H. (2015) The probability model of expectation disconfirmation process', Expert Journal of Marketing, 3 (1), 11-16.
Jepson, A., Clarke, A. & Ragsdell, G. (2014) Investigating the application of the motivation-opportunity-ability model to reveal factors which facilitate or inhibit inclusive engagement within local community festivals, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 14 (3), 331-348.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2014.946230
Joseph-Mathews, S. & Bonn, M. A. (2009) The service environment: Functional or fun? Does it matter, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3 (3), 187-192.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180910980500
Karasawa, M. (1991) Toward an assessment of social identity: The structure of group identification and its effects on inâ€group evaluations, British Journal of Social Psychology, 30 (4), 293-307.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00947.x
Knowles, H. (2019) Storm Area 51 creator pulls out of his own event, calling it Fyre Festival 2.0, The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/11/storm-area-creator-pulls-out-his-own-event-calling-it-fyre-festival/
Knox, S. & Gruar, C. (2007) The application of stakeholder theory to relationship marketing strategy development in a non-profit organization, Journal of Business Ethics, 75 (2), 115-135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9258-3
Kumar, V. & Reinartz, W. (2012) Customer Relationship Management: Concept, strategy, and tools, 2nd edn, Dordrecht: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20110-3
Lee, J., Lee, C. & Choi, Y. (2010) Examining the role of emotional and functional values in festival evaluation, Journal of Travel Research, 50 (6), 685-696.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510385465
Liljander, V. and Strandvik, T. (1993) Estimating zones of tolerance in perceived service quality and perceived service value, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 4 (2), 14-18.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239310037909
Maines, D. (2018) Clarkson principles for business, in R. Kolb (ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, London: SAGE, pp. 482-483.
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853-886. https://doi.org/10.2307/259247
https://doi.org/10.2307/259247
Ng, S., Russell-Bennett, R. & Dagger, T. (2007) A typology of mass services: the role of service delivery and consumption purpose in classifying service experiences, Journal of Services Marketing, 21 (7), 471-480
https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040710824834
Ohlheiser, A. (2017) How the Fyre Festival descended into chaos, The Washington Post. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/04/28/the-complete-and-utter-disaster-that-was-fyre-festival-played-out-on-social-media- for-all-to-see/
Ojasalo, J. (2001) Managing customer expectations in professional services, Managing Service Quality 11 (3), 200-212.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520110391379
Olander, F. & Thogersen, J. (1995) Understanding of consumer behaviour as a prerequisite for environmental protection, Journal of Consumer Policy, 18 (4), 345-385.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024160
Oliver, R.L. (1996) Varieties of Value in the Consumption Satisfaction Response, in K. Corfman and Lynch J. (eds), Advances in Consumer Research 23, 143-147.
Oliver, R. (2010) Satisfaction: A Behavioural Perspective on the Consumer, 2nd edn, New York, Routledge.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. & Berry, L. (1985) A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research, Journal of Marketing, 49 (4), 41-50.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298504900403
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. & Berry, L. (1988) SERVQUAL: a multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality, Journal of Retailing, 64 (1), 12-40.
Payne, A. & Frow, P. (2013) Strategic Customer Management, New York: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139057417
Rampell, C. (2020) The White House is presenting the Fyre Festival of pandemic responses, The Washington Post. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-white-house-is-presenting-the-fyre-festival-of-pandemic-responses/2020/05/18/e4cc4bda-9939-11ea-89fd-28fb313d1886_story.html
Richards, D. (2015) Effectively managing our expectations, Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 69 (3), 48-50.
Rowley, T. (1997) Moving beyond dyadic ties: A network theory of stakeholder influences, The Academy of Management Review, 22 (4), 887-910.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9711022107
Salama, M. (2021) Event Project Management, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
https://doi.org/10.23912/9781911635734-4390
Savage, G. Nix, T., Whitehead, C. & Blair, J. (1991) Strategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders, Academy of Management Perspectives, 5 (2), 61-75. Tran, H.-A., Strizhakova, Y., Liu, H. & Golgeci, I. (20210 "If only…": customer counterfactual thinking in failed recovery, European Journal of Marketing, 55 (12), 3221-3249.
https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-12-2019-0883
Van Niekerk, M. (2016) The applicability and usefulness of the stakeholder strategy matrix for festival management, Event Management, 20 (2), 165-179.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599516X14610017108666
Van Niekerk, T. & Getz, D. (2019) Event Stakeholders: Theory and methods for event management and tourism, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers
https://doi.org/10.23912/9781911396635-3840
Vinerean, A. (2013) The influence of hedonic and utilitarian motivators on likelihood to buy a tourism package, Expert Journal of Marketing, 1 (1), 28-37.
Wallace, K. & Michopoulou, E. (2019) The stakeholder sandwich: a new stakeholder analysis model for events and festivals, Event Management, 23 (4), 541-558.
https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259855742
Winch, G. (2017) Megaproject stakeholder management, in B. Flyvbjerg (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 339-361.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.14
Zeithaml, V., Berry, L. & Parasuraman, A. (1993) The nature and determinants of customer expectations of service, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21 (1), 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070393211001
Zeithaml, V., Parasuraman, A. & Berry, L. (1990) Delivering Quality Service: Balancing customer perceptions and expectations, New York, The Free Press.